Which process transfers energy from low-latitude surplus to high-latitude deficit areas?

• A. Atmospheric circulation
• B. Ocean currents
• C. Conduction
• D. Radiation alone

Answer: (A)

Energy from the sun heats the equator more than higher latitudes, and the atmosphere redistributes that heat through large-scale circulation. Warm air rises near the equator, moves poleward in the upper levels, cools and sinks in mid to high latitudes, and returns toward the equator at the surface. This pattern—the Hadley, Ferrel, and Polar cells—transports sensible heat and latent heat from low latitudes to high latitudes, reducing the temperature difference between those regions. Conduction is too slow to move heat across the globe, and radiation describes the input of solar energy rather than its transport. While ocean currents also carry heat, the atmosphere is the primary mechanism that transfers energy from low-latitude surplus to high-latitude deficit areas.